\u58f9\u3001\u524d\u8a00
\n\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u300c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6b63\u7fa9\u8207\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u300d\u3002\u4eba\u6b0a\u601d\u60f3\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u666e\u4e16\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u610f\u6db5\uff0c\u6b67\u898b\u4ecd\u76f8\u7576\u591a\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u8868\u8ff0\u3002
\n\u300c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u8aaa\u6700\u521d\u7531\u6cd5\u570b\u6cd5\u5b78\u5bb6Karel Vasak\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u5ee3\u70ba\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u3002\u74e6\u85a9\u514b\u5c07\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u4ee3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u6d89\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u6d89\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u8207\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u5247\u6d89\u53ca\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u9023\u5c6c\u6b0a\u300d\uff08solidarity right\uff09\u3002\uff08\u6797\u6dd1\u96c5\uff0c1998\uff09
\nVasak\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5c07\u9019\u4e09\u4ee3\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u6cd5\u570b\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6642\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u3001\u300c\u535a\u611b\u300d\u4e09\u500b\u53e3\u865f\u3002\u7533\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff08\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff09\u4fdd\u969c\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f17\u300118\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u5728\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5be6\u73fe\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f19\u4e16\u7d00\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u5247\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u96c6\u9ad4\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u5168\u7403\u8cc7\u6e90\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u6b0a\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u6b0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u751f\u614b\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u707d\u5bb3\u6551\u6fdf\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u662f\u300c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\uff08minority rights\uff09\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e09\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u5206\u5225\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u8207\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u3002\uff08\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2\uff0c2005\uff09
\n1918年\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u5a01\u723e\u905c[Woodrow Wilson) \u66fe\u7d93\u63d0\u5021\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u6c7a\u300d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u6b0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u547d\u904b\u7684\u6b0a利\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u570b\u5bb6都不\u80fd\u5e72\u6d89\u3001\u525d\u596a\u6bcf\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u7b49\u6b0a利\u3002\uff08\u5e03\u8208\u5927立\uff0c2001\uff09
\n\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u969b勞\u5de5\u7d44\u7e54[ILO)\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u6cc1\u53ca\u4eba\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684行\u52d5\u662f\u57281957 年\u570b\u969b勞\u5de5\u5927\u6703\u4e00\u81f4\u901a\u904e\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u53ca\u90e8落\u4eba\u53e3\u516c\u7d04\u300d\u53ca\u5176\u5efa\u8b70\u66f8\u3002\u5728\u570b\u969b勞\u5de5\u7d44\u7e54\u57281989年6\u6708\u65bc\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u53ec\u958b\u7b2c\u4e03六\u5c46\u5927\u6703\u6642\uff0c\u5c07\u516c\u7d04\u505a了\u76f8\u7576\u5e45度\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u5728\u4fee\u8a02\u7684\u516c\u7d04\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u8207精神\u6b78\u7d0d\u8d77來\u6709\uff1a
\n1.\u80af\u5b9a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5c0d\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002
\n2.\u5c0a\u91cd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u9ad4\u5236\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ba1理\u6b0a\u3002
\n3.\u627f\u8a8d\u539f\u4f4f\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e4b\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ba1理\u6b0a\u3002
\n1971年聯\u5408\u570b\u9632\u6b62\u6b67\u8996\u8207\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c11數\u9644\u5c6c\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u91dd\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u53d7\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9032行\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u300c\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u6848\u300d[international bill of rights)\u7121\u6cd5\u6db5\u84cb\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f71\u97ff\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5c07\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u5fc3\u9010\u6f38\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u571f\u5730\u6b0a\u3001\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u6587\u5316\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u7b49\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e0a\u3002\uff08林\u6dd1\u96c5\uff0c1998\uff09\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8207\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u8b70\u984c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5ba3\u8a00陸\u7e8c\u51fa\u73fe \u30021981年聯\u5408\u570b\u6559\u80b2\u6587\u5316\u7d44\u7e54\u901a\u904e\u7684\uff08\u8056\u8377\u897f\u5ba3\u8a00\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1985年\u7531\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4ee3\u8868\u8207\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7d44\u7e54\u4ee3\u8868參\u8207\u6703\u8b70\u901a\u904e\uff0c\u70ba\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7d44\u6703\u671f\u800c\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc1987年\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a利\u539f\u5247\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d \u3002
\n1992年聯\u5408\u570b\u5ba3\u4f481993年\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a年\uff0c\u4e26\u5728聯\u5408\u570b\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703[high Commissioner for Human Right .UNHCHR) \u4e0b\u8a2d立\u9632\u6b62\u6b67\u8996\u53ca\u4fdd\u8b77\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u6b21\u7d1a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703[Sub-commision on prevention of Discrimination Protection of Minorities)\u3002WGIP\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u73fe\u6cc1\u8207\u554f\u984c\u6240\u505a\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u7531聯\u5408\u570b\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u5404\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u8996\u4e26\u5b9a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u76f8\u95dc\u6cd5令\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a \u30021993年\uff0c聯\u5408\u570b\u4f5c\u621048163 \u865f\u6c7a\u8b70\uff0c\u5b9a1994\u81f32003年\u70ba\u570b\u969b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf10年\uff0c\u4ee5\u80fd\u6539\u5584\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u70ba\u5176\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u53ef量\u5316\u7684\u6210\u679c\u52a0\u4ee5\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6b0a利\u5206\u70ba\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a兩\u5927類\u3002\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u95dc切\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u969c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u8d77\u78bc\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u662f\u5f9e\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684立\u5834\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u7a4d\u6975\u5730\u63a8\u52d5\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6b0a利\uff0c\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u53c8\u5206\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u53ca\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\uff1b\u524d\u8005\u662f\u78ba\u4fdd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a利不\u88ab\u6b67\u8996\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u4ee5\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\u3001\u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u53ca\u88dc\u511f\u6b0a\u4e94\u7a2e\u6b0a利\u3002\uff08\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2\uff0c1999\uff09
\n聯\u5408\u570b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a利\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4eba\u6b0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7bc4\u3002\u7531\u65bc聯\u5408\u570b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a利\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a\u8207\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u90e8落\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6b0a利\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4ecd\u5177\u6709\u6975\u9ad8\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u6027 \u3002 <\/p>\n
\u8cb3\u3001\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u5167\u5bb9
\n\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u300d\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u806f\u5408\u570b\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848\u300f \uff0c\u53ef\u518d\u5c07\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5283\u5206\u6210\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5169\u5927\u985e\u3002\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u5167\u6db5\u4fc2\u4f7f\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7b26\u5408\u793e\u6703\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u4e4b\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5247\u70ba\u7a4d\u6975\u63a8\u52d5\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9019\u7576\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u8207\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\u5c1a\u53ef\u7d30\u5206\u70ba\uff1a\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\u3001\u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u88dc\u511f\u6b0a\u3002
\n\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5404\u9805\u8a34\u6c42\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u843d\u5be6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u653f\u7b56\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u898f\u7ae0\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7d44\u7e54\u4e4b\u4e0a \u3002
\n\u6309Will Kymlicka [1995)\u4e4b\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\u4e09\u5927\u985e\u3002\uff08\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2\uff0c2005\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u2500 \u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u5229
\n \u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229 \u2500\u2502
\n \u2502 \u2502\u2500 \u516c\u6c11\u6b0a
\n \u2500 \u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229 \u2500\u2502 \u2502\u2500 \u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a
\n \u2502 \u2502\u2500 \u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a
\n \u2502\u2500 \u96c6\u4f53\u6b0a \u2500\u2502\u2500 \u6587\u5316\u6b0a
\n \u2502\u2500 \u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a
\n \u2502\u2500 \u88dc\u511f\u6b0a
\n\u57161\uff1a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5206\u985e
\n\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2\uff0c2000<\/p>\n
\u5f9e\u570b\u969b\u516c\u7d04\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u53c3\u8207\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4eab\u53d7\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u4eab\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u798f\u5229\u3002\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u6b0a\u4fdd\u8b77\u5176\u4f5c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u7522\u54c1\u4e4b\u8457\u4f5c\u4eba\u6240\u7372\u81f4\u4e4b\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u300d\u806f\u5408\u570b\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u907a\u7522\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u53ca\u5176\u9644\u4ef6\uff0d\u4fdd\u8b77\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u907a\u7522\u4e4b\u539f\u5247\u53ca\u6e96\u5247\u300d\u7b2c\u4e09\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6709\u6b0a\u64c1\u6709\u3001\u4eab\u6709\u3001\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u5176\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u3002\u300d
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08\u8349\u6848\uff09\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u7684\u689d\u6587\u6709\u4e09\uff1a
\n\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u6b0a\u9075\u5faa\u548c\u632f\u8208\u5176\u6587\u5316\u50b3\u7d71\u548c\u7fd2\u4fd7\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u6b0a\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u8868\u73fe\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7684\u820a\u6709\u3001\u73fe\u6709\u548c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8003\u53e4\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u907a\u5740\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u88fd\u54c1\u3001\u5716\u6848\u8a2d\u8a08\u3001\u5178\u79ae\u5100\u5f0f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u3001\u89c0\u8cde\u85dd\u8853\u548c\u8868\u6f14\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u6709\u6b0a\u6536\u56de\u672a\u4f9d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5176\u610f\u9858\u8207\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u9055\u53cd\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fd2\u6163\u800c\u596a\u8d70\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4ee5\u53ca\u7121\u5f62\u8cc7\u7522\u7b49\u3002\u300d
\n\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u6b0a\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u5be6\u8e10\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u6559\u6388\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u7fd2\u4fd7\u548c\u5100\u5f0f\uff1b\u6709\u6b0a\u70ba\u6b64\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u79c1\u4e0b\u9032\u5165\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5834\u6240\uff1b\u6709\u6b0a\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u638c\u63e1\u5100\u5f0f\u7528\u5177\uff1b\u6709\u6b0a\u4f7f\u907a\u9aa8\u5f97\u5230\u6b78\u9084\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u9805\uff09\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8207\u6709\u95dc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u63a1\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u8056\u5730\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5893\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9805\uff09\u300d
\n\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u6b0a\u632f\u8208\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u5411\u5f8c\u4ee3\u50b3\u6388\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u53e3\u8ff0\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u66f8\u5beb\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u6b0a\u70ba\u793e\u5340\u3001\u5730\u9ede\u548c\u4eba\u7269\u53d6\u7528\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u540d\u7a31\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u9805\uff09\u51e1\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6b0a\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5747\u61c9\u63a1\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u63aa\u65bd\u78ba\u4fdd\u8a72\u9805\u6b0a\u5229\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u9084\u78ba\u4fdd\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u80fd\u807d\u61c2\u5225\u4eba\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u88ab\u5225\u4eba\u807d\u61c2\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u6642\u61c9\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6216\u63a1\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u9069\u7576\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9805\uff09\u300d
\n\u53f0\u7063\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u591a\u5143\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u95dc\u4fc2\u554f\u984c\u5be6\u6538\u95dc\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u7a69\u5b9a\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u7dad\u8b77\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u6b0a\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u500b\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4fc2\u57fa\u672c\u570b\u7b56\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u5167\u6db5\u8207\u61b2\u6cd5\u50f9\u503c\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e00\u74b0\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6c42\u4eba\u6b0a\u7acb\u570b\u4e4b\u9032\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5fc5\u9808\u9054\u6210\u4e4b\u4efb\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53c3\u3001\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u985e\u578b<\/p>\n
Levy\u70ba\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4eba\u6b0a\u63d0\u51fa\u8f03\u70ba\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u4e26\u8aaa\u660e\u5404\u7a2e\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3001\u529f\u7528\u3002\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u8c41\u514d\u6b0a[exemptions)\u3001\u5354\u52a9\u6b0a[assistance)\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3001\u6392\u9664\u6b0a[external rules)\u3001\u5167\u90e8\u9650\u5236\u6b0a[internal rules)\u3001\u8a8d\u53ef\u6b0a[recognition)\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u4ee3\u8868\u6b0a\u3001\u7b26\u865f\u6b0a[symbolic claims) \u7b49\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u7c21\u4ecb\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\uff08Levy, 1997\uff1a24-49\uff1bKymlicka and Norman, 2000\uff1a24-30\uff09
\n\u8c41\u514d\u6b0a\uff1a\u8c41\u514d\u65bc\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u5be6\u8e10\u906d\u53d7\u963b\u7919\u6216\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5982\u4ee5\u72e9\u7375\u6d3b\u52d5\u70ba\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u5316\u5be6\u8e10\u70ba\u540d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u8c41\u514d\u65bc\u6211\u570b\u73fe\u884c\u7981\u7375\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u95dc\u6cd5\u4ee4\u898f\u7bc4\u3002
\n\u5354\u52a9\u6b0a\uff1a\u8981\u6c42\u6e05\u9664\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u6642\u6240\u9047\u5230\u7684\u969c\u7919\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7279\u6027\u800c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u9677\u65bc\u4e0d\u5229\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u56e0\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6240\u60f3\u8981\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u969b\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u8a2d\u8a08\u6210\u5c07\u975e\u4e3b\u8981\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\u6e05\u9664\u969c\u7919\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u3001\u512a\u60e0\u5f85\u9047[affirmative action) \u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6d3b\u52d5\u6216\u793e\u5718\u9032\u884c\u88dc\u52a9\u3002\u5982\u6cd5\u9662\u8a2d\u901a\u8b6f\u4eba\u54e1\u3001\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5b78\u751f\u5347\u5b78\u512a\u60e0\u76f8\u95dc\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5404\u9805\u6587\u5316\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7d93\u8cbb\u88dc\u52a9\u3002
\n\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\uff1a\u5c0b\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u81ea\u6211\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002
\n\u6392\u4ed6\u6b0a\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u975e\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u8207\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fd1\u7528\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u8a8d\u53ef\u6b0a\uff1a\u5c0b\u6c42\u8ce6\u4e88\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u50b3\u7d71\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u6163\u4f8b\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u514d\u53d7\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u7ba1\u8f44\u3002
\n\u5167\u90e8\u9650\u5236\u6b0a\uff1a\u65cf\u7fa4\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u9055\u53cd\u5167\u90e8\u898f\u7bc4\u4e4b\u6210\u54e1\u6240\u884c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u61f2\u7f70\u751a\u81f3\u9010\u51fa\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u7279\u6b8a\u4ee3\u8868\u6b0a\uff1a\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u4fdd\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9810\u9632\u906d\u53d7\u5927\u793e\u6703\u7684\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u6a5f\u5236\u6240\u50b7\u5bb3\u3001\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e38\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u6c7a\u7b56\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5167\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u4ffe\u4f7f\u5176\u8072\u97f3\u80fd\u5920\u5448\u73fe\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8868\u6a5f\u5236\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u7acb\u6cd5\u90e8\u9580\u70ba\u4e3b\u3002
\n\u7b26\u865f\u6b0a\uff1a\u5373\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5c0d\u65bc\u570b\u865f\u3001\u570b\u65d7\u3001\u570b\u6b4c\u3001\u570b\u5b9a\u5047\u65e5\u3001\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u547d\u540d\u6b0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u59d3\u540d\u6b0a\u4e4b\u8a34\u6c42\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u65e2\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a8d\u540c\u6a19\u7684\u9032\u884c\u4e00\u7a2e\u91cd\u65b0\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8086\u3001\u7d50\u8a9e<\/p>\n
\u7d9c\u4e0a\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u5167\u6db5\uff1a
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6b0a\u5229\u8a2d\u8a08\u8d85\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4fdd\u969c\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\u4e4b\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u7cfb\u4ee5\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6210\u54e1\u8eab\u5206\u4e4b\u6709\u7121\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6392\u4ed6\u6b0a\u5728\u571f\u5730\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0a\u4e4b\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6839\u64da\u65cf\u7fa4\u8eab\u5206\u4e4b\u64c1\u6709\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6392\u9664\u975e\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u64c1\u6709\u8a72\u6b0a\u5229\u4e4b\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\uff08Kymlicka and Norman, 2000\uff1a2\uff09
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\nKymlick, Will, and Wayne Norman. \uff082000\uff09\u201cCitizenship in Culturally Divided Societies: Issues, Contexts, Concept,\u201d in Will Kymlicka, and Wayne Norman, eds. Citizenship in Divided Societies, pp. 1-41. Oxford: Oxford University.
\nKymlicka, Will.\uff081995\uff09Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
\nLevy, Jacob T. [1997) \u201cClassifying Cultural Rights,\u201d in Shapiro & Kymlicka [ed.) [1997), pp. 22-66.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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