\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uf02a
\n\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2
\n\u6de1\u6c5f\u5927\u5b78\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b78\u7cfb\u66a8\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n
That the wide diffusion of culture, and the education of humanity for justice and liberty and peace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred duty which all the nations must fulfil in a spirit of mutual assistance and concern;
\nThat a peace based exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of governments would not be a peace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the peoples of the world, and that the peace must therefore be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind.
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u61b2\u7ae0 \uff081945\uff09\u524d\u8a00
\n\u58f9\u3001\u524d\u8a00
\n\u5c31\u5b57\u9762\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u300d\uff08indigenous cultural rights\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u300d\uff08indigenous peoples\uff09\u8207\u300c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u300d\uff08cultural rights\u3001right to culture\uff09\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u6587\u5316\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u7684\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u4fdd\u6709\u3001\u4e26\u767c\u5c55\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff08Mupaulanga-Hulston, 2002: 35\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5c64\u9762\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002
\nKarel Vasak \u6839\u64da\u4eba\u6b0a\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5148\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e09\u4ee3\u8ad6\u300d\uff08Baehr, 1999: 6\uff09\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\uff08civil\u3001political rights\uff09\uff0c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b0a\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff08economic\u3001social\u3001cultural rights\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6b0a \uff08rights of solidarity\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e4d\u770b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u70ba\u59ca\u59b9\u4eba\u6b0a\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u53c8\u7fd2\u6163\u5c07\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229 \uff08minority rights\u3001minority group rights\uff09\u5217\u70ba\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5c6c\u65bc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\uff08indigenous rights\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u662f\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6b0a \u3002
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cPatrick Thornberry\uff081995: 15-16\uff09\u6839\u64da\u6b0a\u5229\u8ca0\u8f09\u8005\uff0f\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff08bearer\uff09 \u7684\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u4eba\u6b0a\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u5927\u985e\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6240\u6709\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\uff0c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6240\u6709\u570b\u6c11\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\uff0f\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\uff0f\u53cd\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3002\u524d\u5169\u7a2e\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u662f\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u5206\u53d6\u5f97\uff1b\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u96b8\u5c6c\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u800c\u53d6\u5f97 \uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff08Lerner, 1991\uff09\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u7684\u8981\u5be6\u8e10\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u57f7\u884c\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u7b56\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u8981\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff08Wilson, 2000: 13\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u8981\u554f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u4e86\u89e3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u751a\u9ebc \u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u300c\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\u300d\uff08culture\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u72f9\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\u300d\uff08Culture\uff09\u5169\u7a2e\u3002\u6839\u64da\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\uff08UNESCO\uff09\u4eba\u6b0a\u7d44\u4e3b\u4efbJanusz Symonides\uff08H\u00e4usemann, 1994: 10\uff09\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5 \uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u5c0f\u5beb\uff09 \uff0c\u662f\u6307\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u70ba\u300d\uff1b\u800c\u72f9\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u5927\u5beb\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6027\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u97f3\u6a02\u3001\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u7bc9\u300d\u3002\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u65bc1982\u5e74\u53ec\u958b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u6703\u8b70 \uff0c\u6240\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u300e\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5e02\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u4f5c\u4e86\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a
\nthat in its widest sense, culture may now be said to be the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs;
\n\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0cElsa Stamatopoulou\u8207Joanne Bauer\uff082004\uff09\u6aa2\u8996\u4e86\u806f\u5408\u570b\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u5c07\u6587\u5316\u5206\u70ba\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08way of life\uff09\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u66a8\u79d1\u5b78\u5275\u9020\uff08creation\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7269\u8cea\u8cc7\u7522\uff08capital\uff09\u4e09\u5927\u985e \uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u517c\u9867\u5ee3\u7fa9\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u72f9\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u767c\u5c55\u8a08\u756b \u5728\u300e2004\u5e74\u4eba\u985e\u767c\u5c55\u5831\u544a\u66f8 \u300f\u88e1\u982d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5169\u5927\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u540c\uff0f\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u800c\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u53c3\u8207\uff08UNDP, 2004: 14\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3002Stephen P. Marks\uff082003\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u6e05\u55ae\uff0c\u5617\u8a66\u5c07\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5206\u70ba\u516d\u5927\u985e \uff1a\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u540c\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u591a\u5143\u3001\u53c3\u8207\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b58\u53ca\u50b3\u64ad\u3001\u6587\u5316\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u5275\u9020\u8005\uff0f\u50b3\u905e\u8005\uff0f\u50b3\u8b6f\u8005\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002Jacob T. Levy\uff081997\uff09\u5247\u4f9d\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u5206\u70ba\u516b\u5927\u985e\uff1a\u514d\u9664\u3001\u6276\u52a9\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u5916\u898f\uff08\u9650\u5236\u5916\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u5167\u898f\uff08\u898f\u7bc4\u6210\u54e1\uff09\u3001\u627f\u8a8d\u3001\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002Margalit\u8207Halbertal\uff082004\uff09\u53c8\u4f9d\u64da\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7531\u6dfa\u5230\u6df1\uff0c\u5206\u70ba\u7dad\u6301\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u9762\u652f\u6301\uff1b\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0cStamatopoulou\u8207Bauer\uff082004\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53caCraven\uff081994\uff09\u5247\u5f9e\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u6b0a\u8cac\u4efb\u8005\uff08duty holder\u3001duty bearer\uff09\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u5f9e\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08\u4e0d\u5e72\u9810\uff09\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\uff08\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u8005\u4fb5\u72af\uff09\u3001\u5230\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u6bd4\u8f03\u7279\u5225\u7684\u662f\uff0cLyndel V. Prott\uff081988: 96-87\uff09\u6b78\u7d0d\u4e86\u76f8\u95dc\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u5c07\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5206\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\uff08individual rights\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a \uff08collective rights\uff09\u5169\u5927\u985e\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u8868\u9054\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\u3001\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u9078\u64c7\u6b0a\u3001\u53c3\u8207\u793e\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u85dd\u8853\uff0f\u6587\u5b78\uff0f\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u6b0a\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5316\u767c\u5c55\u6b0a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u540c\u88ab\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\uff0f\u50b3\u7d71\uff0f\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u88ab\u5c0a\u91cd\u3001\u64c1\u6709\u85dd\u8853\uff0f\u6b77\u53f2\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5916\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u64c1\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u5171\u540c\u8cc7\u7522\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u9019\u4efd\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6e05\u55ae\uff0cPrott\uff081988: 87\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u70ba\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u540c\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u5169\u5927\u985e\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6839\u64da\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0f\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u540c\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u5169\u500b\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u4ee52\u00d72\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u5927\u985e\uff08\u88681\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5148\u5c07\u5f9e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f86\u770b\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4f55\u5728\uff0c\u4e26\u6b78\u7d0d\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u518d\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5f9e\u76f8\u95dc\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5ba3\u8a00\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u7531\u806f\u5408\u570b\u3001\u5340\u57df\u6027\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5230\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u7684\u689d\u6587\u3001\u6216\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u843d\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8cb3\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\uff0f\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a
\n\u5728\u591a\u6578\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u65cf\u7fa4\u591a\u5143\u7dda\u7dda\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u9032\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\uff1b\u8b6c\u5982\u6b50\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u6703\u57281995\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u4fdd\u969c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u67b6\u69cb\u689d\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u4fbf\u628a\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\u7a69\u5b9a\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a
\n\u4e00\u500b\u591a\u5143\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u500b\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5176\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u66f4\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u958b\u5275\u59a5\u9069\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u8b93\u9019\u4e9b\u8a8d\u540c\u80fd\u5920\u8868\u9054\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u767c\u5c55\u3002
\n\u5927\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u7531\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0f\u53cd\u6b67\u8996\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u4f5c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u78ba\u8a8d\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\uff0f\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff1b\u518d\u4f86\uff0c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u64f4\u53ca\u571f\u5730\u6b0a\uff08\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\uff0f\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\uff1b\u518d\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u5c0d\u65bc\u63a8\u52d5\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u5df2\u5f9e\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u767c\u5c55\u70ba\u653f\u5e9c\u4fc3\u9032\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff08\u65bd\u6b63\u92d2\uff0c2004\uff09\u3002
\nWill Kymlicka\uff081995\uff09\u5c07\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229 \u5206\u70ba\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3001\u7279\u5225\u4ee3\u8868\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u5143\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\uff08polyethnic rights\uff09\u4e09\u5927\u985e\uff1b\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u5730\u57df\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6cbb\u7406\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3002\u4ed6\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u7a2e\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff08\u9801108-23\uff09 \uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\uff08equality\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u906d\u53d7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u5321\u6b63\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u52a3\u52e2\uff1b\u518d\u4f86\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6b77\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5148\u524d\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3001\u689d\u7d04\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5354\u5b9a\uff1b\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u900f\u904e\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4f86\u7372\u81f4\u3002
\nKymlicka\uff081989\u30011995\uff09\u5f9e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8457\u624b \uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u4f5c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6587\u5316\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u7d50\u69cb\uff08cultural structure\uff09\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff08cultural community\uff09\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u300c\u9078\u64c7\u8108\u7d61\u300d\uff08context of choice\uff09\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5229\u76ca\uff08essential interest\uff09\u3001\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff08good life\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4f86\u9054\u6210\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5982\u679c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u5b9b\u5982\u55aa\u5931\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u80fd\u529b \uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5149\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u9084\u5fc5\u9808\u8ce6\u4e88\u4ed6\u5011\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4eab\u6709\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6 \u3002
\n\u6bd4\u55bb\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u9078\u64c7\u5403\u62ab\u85a9\u3001\u6216\u662f\u9eb5\u98df\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u62ab\u85a9\u5c31\u6709\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53e3\u5473\uff0c\u800c\u9eb5\u98df\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u70ba\u65e5\u672c\u62c9\u9eb5\u3001\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u9eb5\u3001\u725b\u8089\u9eb5\u3001\u6216\u662f\u4ec0\u9326\u9eb5\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u5c31\u9eb5\u689d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u6cb9\u9eb5\u3001\u610f\u9eb5\u3001\u9084\u662f\u5916\u7701\u9eb5\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u7d30\u5206\u70ba\u7c97\u9eb5\u3001\u4e2d\u9eb5\u3001\u7d30\u9eb5\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u5200\u524a\u9eb5\u3002\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u83dc\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u9078\u9805\u773e\u591a\uff0c\u5c31\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u5403\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c31\u4e00\u500b\u7fd2\u6163\u7c73\u98df\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u52de\u52d5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u9078\u9805\u7576\u7136\u662f\u5403\u98ef\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7433\u7405\u6eff\u76ee\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u50f9\u683c\u5728\u9ad8\u3001\u71df\u990a\u5728\u591a\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002
\n\u5118\u7ba1\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u6709\u5176\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5404\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u63a8\u52d5\u4e0a\u986f\u5f97\u610f\u614b\u95cc\u73ca\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6b78\u7d0d\u5404\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff08Symonides, 1998; Hunt, 2000; Robbins & Stamatopoulou, 2004; Stamatopoulou & Bauer, 2004; UNDP, 2004; Abro & Bauer, 2005; Koivunen & Marsio, 2007\uff09\uff1a
\n\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6574\u5408\u5f0f\u7684\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1a\u5728\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5148\u8981\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u7684\u919e\u91c0\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u5148\u51fa\u73fe\u6c92\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1b\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\uff08\u806f\u5408\u570b\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5340\u57df\u7d44\u7e54\uff09\u6709\u4e86\u8d77\u78bc\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u624d\u6703\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u3002\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u9084\u56db\u8655\u6563\u4f48\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c1a\u96e3\u6709\u5168\u76e4\u6027\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6c92\u6709\u5b9a\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u6709\u56f0\u96e3\uff1a\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5c0d\u6587\u5316\u63a1\u7528\u9b06\u6563\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\uff1b\u7531\u65bc\u7bc4\u570d\u904e\u65bc\u5bec\u5ee3\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u5c31\u56e0\u6b64\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u542b\u6df7\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u9032\u884c\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6bd4\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u66f4\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff1a\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9054\u5230\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u53bb\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\uff1b\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8b93\u5927\u5bb6\u6eff\u8db3\u8d77\u78bc\u7684\u6eab\u98fd\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0d\u5c11\u653f\u5e9c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u624d\u662f\u66f4\u5207\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3002
\n\uff08\u56db\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u64d4\u5fc3\u570b\u5167\u9055\u53cd\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4e8b\u8de1\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\uff1a\u9664\u975e\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u9858\u610f\u9762\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u5167\u90e8\u591a\u5143\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u7c3d\u7f72\u4e86\u76f8\u95dc\u898f\u7d04\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5b9a\u671f\u63d0\u51fa\u4eba\u6b0a\u5831\u544a\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u5c46\u6642\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u88ab\u8feb\u81ea\u6316\u7621\u75a4\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u570b\u969b\u821e\u53f0\u5c07\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u76f8\u7576\u5c37\u5c2c\u7684\u4e8b\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u64d4\u5fc3\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u570b\u5bb6\u5718\u7d50\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u6703\u9f13\u52f5\u5206\u96e2\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u8207\u96c6\u9ad4\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7372\u5f97\u7e41\u884d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u9032\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff1b\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u4e9b\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u672a\u5fc5\u8981\u6c42\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u662f\u6703\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u611f\u3002
\n\uff08\u516d\uff09\u5546\u696d\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff1a\u7ad9\u5728\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u62ac\u982d\uff0c\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5230\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7d1b\u722d\u4e0d\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u9020\u6210\u71df\u904b\u6210\u672c\u5927\u91cf\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e03\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u76f8\u4e92\u7274\u89f8\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u4eba\u58eb\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u842c\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\u88ab\u7121\u9650\u4e0a\u7db1\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u628a\u8a8d\u540c\u7d81\u6b7b \uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5927\u5bb6\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u9075\u5faa\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u4fb5\u72af\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u4e00\u822c\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5a66\u5973\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002
\n\uff08\u516b\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u70ba\u5316\u6b0a\u662f\u6587\u5316\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6301\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u5c0a\u91cd\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u56e0\u5730\u5236\u5b9c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u6b0a\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u6d88\u6ec5\u6587\u5316\u591a\u5143\u6027\u3002
\n\u5927\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u505c\u7559\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u4e0a\u7684\u6280\u8853\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u518d\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u975e\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6562\u6b63\u9762\u5927\u8072\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u6bd4\u8f03\u8cbb\u5fc3\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u8abf\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4f86\u770b\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u62cb\u958b\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u4e0d\u8aaa\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u5c0d\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0f\u65bc\u4f86\u81ea\u570b\u5bb6\u5916\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5a01\u8105\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53c3\u3001\u570b\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a
\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u4f9d\u64da\u806f\u5408\u570b\u7684\u898f\u7d04\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5340\u57df\u6027\u7684\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u5718\u7d50\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6b50\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u6703\u3001\u6b50\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u66a8\u5408\u4f5c\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b50\u6d32\u806f\u76df\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u806f\u5408\u570b\u898f\u7d04
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5927\u6703\u57281948\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c27\u689d\u9996\u5ea6\u6b63\u5f0f\u800c\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff1a
\n[1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
\n[2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7b2c22\u689d\u4e5f\u8aaa\u660e\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b0a\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\uff09\u5c0d\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5c0a\u56b4\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u683c\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\uff1a
\nEveryone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
\n\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u57281966\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u570b\u969b\u516c\u6c11\u66a8\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c27\u689d\u9593\u63a5\u63d0\u5230\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff1a
\nIn those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language.
\n\u5728\u9019\u540c\u6642\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u570b\u969b\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u66a8\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c15\u689d\u898f\u7bc4\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u4fdd\u8b77\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u61c9\u76e1\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff1a
\n1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone:
\n[a) To take part in cultural life;
\n[b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications;
\n[c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
\n2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture.
\n3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.
\n4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields.
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u57281979\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u6d88\u9664\u5404\u7a2e\u5a66\u5973\u6b67\u8996\u898f\u7d04 \u300f\uff08\u7b2c13\u689d\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u57281989\u5e74\u300e\u5152\u7ae5\u6b0a\u5229\u898f\u7d04 \u300f\uff08\u7b2c31\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6566\u4fc3\u570b\u5bb6\u4fdd\u8b77\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u57281992\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u500b\u4eba\u96b8\u5c6c\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6216\u8a9e\u8a00\u6027\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c2\u689d\u5247\u5177\u9ad4\u6307\u51fa\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff1a
\n1. Persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities [hereinafter referred to as persons belonging to minorities) have the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, and to use their own language, in private and in public, freely and without interference or any form of discrimination.
\n2. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effectively in cultural, religious, social, economic and public life.
\n3. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, regional level concerning the minority to which they belong or the regions in which they live, in a manner not incompatible with national legislation.
\n4. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain their own associations.
\n5. Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts with other members of their group and with persons belonging to other minorities, as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are related by national or ethnic, religious or linguistic ties.
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8a72\u5ba3\u8a00\u5728\u7b2c4\u689d\u5247\u898f\u5b9a\u570b\u5bb6\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a9e\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff1a
\n2. States shall take measures to create favourable conditions to enable persons belonging to minorities to express their characteristics and to develop their culture, language, religion, traditions and customs, except where specific practices are in violation of national law and contrary to international standards.
\n3. States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue.
\n4. States should, where appropriate, take measures in the field of education, in order to encourage knowledge of the history, traditions, language and culture of the minorities existing within their territory. Persons belonging to minorities should have adequate opportunities to gain knowledge of the society as a whole.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u5340\u57df\u6027\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u898f\u7d04
\n\u7f8e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u57281948\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u7f8e\u6d32\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c13\u689d\u63ed\u6aeb\u53c3\u8207\u793e\u7fa4\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5229\uff1a
\nEvery person has the right to take part in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to participate in the benefits that result from intellectual progress, especially scientific discoveries.
\nHe likewise has the right to the protection of his moral and material interests as regards his inventions or any literary, scientific or artistic works of which he is the author.
\n\u7f8e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7d44\u7e54\u57281988\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u7f8e\u6d32\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u66a8\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u898f\u7d04\u9644\u52a0\u8b70\u5b9a\u66f8 \u300f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u627f\u8a8d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\uff0c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u898f\u7bc4\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u4fdd\u8b77\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff1a
\n1. The States Parties to this Protocol recognize the right of everyone:
\na. To take part in the cultural and artistic life of the community;
\nb. To enjoy the benefits of scientific and technological progress;
\nc. To benefit from the protection of moral and material interests deriving from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
\n2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to this Protocol to ensure the full exercise of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, development and dissemination of science, culture and art.
\n3. The States Parties to this Protocol undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.
\n4. The States Parties to this Protocol recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international cooperation and relations in the fields of science, arts and culture, and accordingly agree to foster greater international cooperation in these fields.
\n\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u5718\u7d50\u7d44\u7e54\u57281981\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u6b0a\u61b2\u7ae0 \u300f\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u4fdd\u8b77\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff1a
\n1. Every individual shall have the right to education.
\n2. Every individual may freely, take part in the cultural life of his community.
\n3. The promotion and protection of morals and traditional values recognized by the community shall be the duty of the State.
\n\u81f3\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u57282000\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u6b50\u76df\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u5229\u61b2\u7ae0 \u300f\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u7b2c22\u689d\u7c21\u77ed\u63d0\u5230\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff1a
\nThe Union shall respect cultural, religious and linguistic diversity.
\n\u5012\u662f\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u6703\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65bc1992\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u6b50\u6d32\u5340\u57df\u6216\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a9e\u8a00\u61b2\u7ae0 \u300f\uff0c\u9996\u5ea6\u91dd\u5c0d\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u5229\u4f5c\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u898f\u7bc4 \u3002\u800c\u57281995\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u4fdd\u969c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u67b6\u69cb\u689d\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5217\u8209\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\u3001\u5a92\u9ad4\u6b0a\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u3001\u547d\u540d\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u7b2c15\u689d\u898f\u7bc4\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u4fc3\u9032\u6587\u5316\u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff1a
\nThe Parties shall create the conditions necessary for the effective participation of persons belonging to national minorities in cultural, social and economic life and in public affairs, in particular those affecting them.
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u66a8\u5408\u4f5c\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u300e\u6d77\u7259\u6709\u95dc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\u5efa\u8b70\u66f8 \u300f[1996)\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u300e\u5967\u65af\u9678\u6709\u95dc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u5efa\u8b70\u66f8\u66a8\u8aaa\u660e \u300f[1998)\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54
\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u7576\u7136\u662f\u8cac\u7121\u65c1\u8cb8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u8a02\u5b9a\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u898f\u7d04\u3001\u5efa\u8b70\u66f8\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08UNESCO, n.d.\uff09\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u57281960\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u53cd\u5c0d\u6559\u80b2\u6b67\u8996\u898f\u7d04 \u300f\u4e2d\uff0c\u898f\u5b9a\u4e86\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u5c0e\uff1a
\n[ c ) It is essential to recognize the right of members of national minorities to carry on their own educational activities, including the maintenance of schools and, depending on the educational policy of each State, the use or the teaching of their own language, provided however:
\n[i) That this right is not exercised in a manner which prevents the members of these minorities from understanding the culture and language of the community as a whole and from participating in its activities, or which prejudices national sovereignty;
\n[ii) That the standard of education is not lower than the general standard laid down or approved by the competent authorities; and
\n[iii) That attendance at such schools is optional.
\n\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u5df2\u7d93\u901a\u904e\u4e8620\u591a\u500b\u5927\u6703\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u7b2c14\u5c46\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u570b\u969b\u6587\u5316\u5408\u4f5c\u539f\u5247\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff081966\uff09\uff0c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u5c31\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u63d0\u5230\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u767c\u5c55\u6b0a\u3002\u5728\u7b2c20\u5c46\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u7a2e\u65cf\u66a8\u7a2e\u65cf\u504f\u898b\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff081978\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u5ba3\u793a\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\uff1a
\n2. All individuals and groups have the right to be different, to consider themselves as different and to be regarded as such. However, the diversity of life styles and the right to be different may not, in any circumstances, serve as a pretext for racial prejudice; they may not justify either in law or in fact any discriminatory practice whatsoever, nor provide a ground for the policy of apartheid, which is the extreme form of racism.
\n3. Identity of origin in no way affects the fact that human beings can and may live differently, nor does it preclude the existence of differences based on cultural, environmental and historical diversity nor the right to maintain cultural identity.
\n\u5728\u7b2c31\u5c46\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff082001\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c4\u689d\u8aaa\u660e\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u662f\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1a
\nThe defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights of persons belonging to minorities and those of indigenous peoples. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope.
\n\u8a72\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e5f\u5728\u7b2c 5\u689d\u4e3b\u5f35\u4ee5\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u5217\u8209\u6bcd\u8a9e\u6b0a\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u9078\u64c7\u53c3\u8207\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff1a
\nCultural rights are an integral part of human rights, which are universal, indivisible and interdependent. The flourishing of creative diversity requires the full implementation of cultural rights as defined in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in Articles 13 and 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural Rights. All persons should therefore be able to express themselves and to create and disseminate their work in the language of their choice, and particularly in their mother tongue; all persons should be entitled to quality education and training that fully respect their cultural identity; and all persons have the right to participate in the cultural life of their choice and conduct their own cultural practices, subject to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
\n\u8086\u3001\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u5be6\u8e10
\n\u570b\u969b\u52de\u5de5\u7d44\u7e54 \u57281957\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u66a8\u90e8\u843d\u4eba\u53e3\u4fdd\u969c\u66a8\u6574\u5408\u516c\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u63d0\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u9808\u63a1\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u4f86\u78ba\u4fdd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u767c\u5c55\uff08\u7b2c2\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u7279\u5225\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\u898f\u7bc4\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7b2c23\u689d\u898f\u5b9a\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6bcd\u8a9e\u6559\u5b78\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff1a
\n1. Children belonging to the populations concerned shall be taught to read and write in their mother tongue or, where this is not practicable, in the language most commonly used by the group to which they belong.
\n2. Provision shall be made for a progressive transition from the mother tongue or the vernacular language to the national language or to one of the official languages of the country.
\n3. Appropriate measures shall, as far as possible, be taken to preserve the mother tongue or the vernacular language.
\n\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6b64\u898f\u7d04\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u65bc\u300c\u6574\u5408\u300d\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u7531\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u570b\u5bb6\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u98fd\u53d7\u62a8\u64ca\u3002\u570b\u969b\u52de\u5de5\u7d44\u7e54\u5f9e\u5584\u5982\u6d41\uff0c\u65bc1989\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u4fee\u6b63\u7248\u7684\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u66a8\u90e8\u843d\u6c11\u65cf\u516c\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c2\u689d\u898f\u7bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u63a1\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u4fdd\u8b77\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u5230\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a
\n1. Governments shall have the responsibility for developing, with the participation of the peoples concerned, co-ordinated and systematic action to protect the rights of these peoples and to guarantee respect for their integrity.
\n2. Such action shall include measures for:
\n[a) ensuring that members of these peoples benefit on an equal footing from the rights and opportunities which national laws and regulations grant to other members of the population;
\n[b) promoting the full realisation of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions;
\n\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\u898f\u5b9a\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8a2d\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6a5f\u69cb\uff08\u7b2c27\u689d\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcd\u8a9e\u53d7\u6559\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c28\u689d\uff09\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u7279\u5225\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7b2c29\u689d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u570b\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u6750\u88e1\u982d\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u800c\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u95dc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u539f\u6709\u7684\u504f\u898b\uff1a
\nEducational measures shall be taken among all sections of the national community, and particularly among those that are in most direct contact with the peoples concerned, with the object of eliminating prejudices that they may harbour in respect of these peoples. To this end, efforts shall be made to ensure that history textbooks and other educational materials provide a fair, accurate and informative portrayal of the societies and cultures of these peoples.
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u9632\u6b62\u6b67\u8996\u66a8\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5c0f\u7d44\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e0b\u8f44\u7684\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u4eba\u53e3\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7d44 \u300d\uff0c\u57281993\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848 \u300f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u53ca\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u514d\u65bc\u65cf\u7fa4\u6ec5\u7a2e\uff08ethnocide\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u6ec5\u7a2e\uff08cultural genocide\uff09\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\uff08\u7b2c2\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u898f\u7bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff08\u7b2c7\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u4f86\u4fdd\u969c\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff08cultural integrity\uff09\uff1a
\nIndigenous peoples have the collective and individual right not to be subjected to ethnocide and cultural genocide, including prevention of and redress for:
\na. any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities;
\nb. any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources;
\nc. any form of population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights;
\nd. any form of assimilation or integration by other cultures or ways of life imposed on them by legislative, administrative or other measures;
\ne. any form of propaganda directed against them.
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7b2c12-14\u689d\uff09\u898f\u7bc4\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7b2c15-18\u689d\uff09\u5247\u898f\u5b9a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6bcd\u8a9e\u53d7\u6559\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a92\u9ad4\u6b0a\u3002
\n\u7f8e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703 \u300d\u57281997\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u300e\u7f8e\u6d32\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848 \u300f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5217\u8209\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6b0a\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u6b0a\u5728\u5167\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u96c6\u9ad4\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c2\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u8a73\u7d30\u898f\u7bc4\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u767c\u5c55\uff08\u7b2c7-13\u689d\uff09\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8a72\u627f\u8a8d\u3001\u4e26\u5c0a\u91cd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u66a8\u653f\u6cbb\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u98a8\u4fd7\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u670d\u98fe\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\uff08\u7b2c7\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6bcd\u8a9e\u53d7\u6559\u6b0a\u4e5f\u88ab\u63d0\u5230\uff08\u7b2c7\u689d\uff09\u3002
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5927\u6703\u7d42\u65bc\u5728\u4eca\u5e74\uff082007\uff09\u901a\u904e\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00 \u300f\uff08\u898b\u9644\u93041\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u6b0a\u7dad\u6301\u7368\u7279\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u7b2c5\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u53cd\u540c\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff08\u7b2c8\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u8a8d\u540c\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c9\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u6709\u6b0a\u7d81\u6709\u6587\u5316\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8003\u53e4\u5730\u9ede\u3001\u53f2\u8de1\u3001\u85dd\u54c1\u3001\u8a2d\u8a08\u3001\u5100\u5f0f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5b78\uff08\u7b2c11\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u5b97\u6559\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c12\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u6587\u5316\u5fa9\u80b2\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c13\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u6559\u80b2\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c14\u689d\uff09\uff1b\u6587\u5316\u5c0a\u56b4\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c15\u689d\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a92\u9ad4\u6b0a\uff08\u7b2c16\u689d\uff09\u3002
\n\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\uff08cultural heritage\uff09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u300c\u6587\u5316\u66a8\u667a\u6167\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a \u300d\uff08cultural and intellectual property rights \uff09\u662f\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e9f\u9700\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u3002\u57281993\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300e\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u516c\u7d04 \u300f\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u5728\u7b2c8\u689d\u898f\u7bc4\u570b\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0a\u91cd\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u77e5\u8b58\uff1a
\nEach Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate:
\n[j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices;
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\u4f0d\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6
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\u9644\u93041\uff1a\u300e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300f\uff082007\uff09
\nArticle 5
\nIndigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State.<\/p>\n
Article 8
\n1. Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not to be subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.
\n2. States shall provide effective mechanisms for prevention of, and redress for:
\n[a) Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities;
\n[b) Any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources;
\n[c) Any form of forced population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights;
\n[d) Any form of forced assimilation or integration;
\n[e) Any form of propaganda designed to promote or incite racial or ethnic discrimination directed against them.<\/p>\n
Article 9
\nIndigenous peoples and individuals have the right to belong to an indigenous community or nation, in accordance with the traditions and customs of the community or nation concerned. No discrimination of any kind may arise from the exercise of such a right.<\/p>\n
Article 11
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual and performing arts and literature.
\n2. States shall provide redress through effective mechanisms, which may include restitution, developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples, with respect to their cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free, prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs.<\/p>\n
Article 12
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practice, develop and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural sites; the right to the use and control of their ceremonial objects; and the right to the repatriation of their human remains.
\n2. States shall seek to enable the access and\/or repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains in their possession through fair, transparent and effective mechanisms developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned.<\/p>\n
Article 13
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons.
\n2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that this right is protected and also to ensure that indigenous peoples can understand and be understood in political, legal and administrative proceedings, where necessary through the provision of interpretation or by other appropriate means.<\/p>\n
Article 14
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning.
\n2. Indigenous individuals, particularly children, have the right to all levels and forms of education of the State without discrimination.
\n3. States shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, take effective measures, in order for indigenous individuals, particularly children, including those living outside their communities, to have access, when possible, to an education in their own culture and provided in their own language.<\/p>\n
Article 15
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the dignity and diversity of their cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations which shall be appropriately reflected in education and public information.
\n2. States shall take effective measures, in consultation and cooperation with the indigenous peoples concerned, to combat prejudice and eliminate discrimination and to promote tolerance, understanding and good relations among indigenous peoples and all other segments of society.<\/p>\n
Article 16
\n1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without discrimination.
\n2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media duly reflect indigenous cultural diversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring full freedom of expression, should encourage privately owned media to adequately reflect indigenous cultural diversity.<\/p>\n
\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b
\nAlbro, Robert, and Joanne Bauer. 2005. \u201cIntroduction,\u201d in Robert Albro, and Joanne Bauer, eds. Cultural Rights: What They Are, Why They Matter, How They Can Be Realized, pp. 2-3. New York: Carnegie Council on Ethnics and International Affairs.
\nAlston, Philip. 2001. \u201cIntroduction,\u201d in Philip Alston, ed. Peoples\u2019 Rights, pp. 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
\nBaehr, Peter R. 1999. Human Rights: Universality in Practice. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave.
\nBenhabib, Seyla. 2002. The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
\nCraven, Matthew. 1994. \u201cThe Right to Culture in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,\u201d in Rod Fisher, Brian Groombridge, Julia H\u00e4usemann, and Ritva Mitchell, eds. Human Rights and Cultural Policies in a Changing Europe: The Right to Participate in Cultural Life, pp. 161-71. Helsinki: Arts Council of Finland.
\nCrawford, James, ed. 1988. The Rights of Peoples. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
\nDaes, Erica-Irene. 1993. \u201cStudy on the Protection of the Cultural and Intellectual Property of Indigenous Peoples.\u201d [E\/CN.4\/Sub.2\/1993\/28).
\nDalton, Jennifer E. 2005. \u201cInternational Law and the Right of Indigenous Self-Determination: Should International Norms Be Replicated in the Canadian Context?\u201d Queen\u2019s Institute for Intergovernmental Relations Working Paper, No. 1 [http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=932467#PaperDownload) [2007\/ 10\/28).
\nDas, Veena. 1994. \u201cCultural Rights and the Definition of Community,\u201d in Oliver Mendelsohn, and Upendra Baxi, eds. The Rights of Subordinated Peoples, pp. 117-58. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
\nGreen, Leslie. 1995. \u201cInternal Minorities and Their Rights,\u201d in Will Kymlicka, ed. The Rights of Minority Cultures, pp.256-72. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
\nHarvey, Edwin R. 1996. Implementation of Cultural Rights of Minorities in Latin America. UNESCO [http:\/\/www.puentes.gov.ar\/educar\/servlet\/Downloads\/S_BD_ POLITICASCULTURALES\/UNESCO05.PDF) [2007\/10\/28).
\nH\u00e4usemann, Julia. 1994. \u201cThe Right to Participate in Cultural Rights,\u201d in Rod Fisher, Brian Groombridge, Julia H\u00e4usemann, and Ritva Mitchell, eds. Human Rights and Cultural Policies in a Changing Europe: The Right to Participate in Cultural Life, pp. 109-60. Helsinki: Arts Council of Finland.
\nHunt, Paul. 2000. \u201cReflections on International Human Rights Law and Cultural Rights,\u201d in Margaret Wilson, and Paul Hunt, eds. Culture, Rights and Cultural Rights: Perspectives from the South Pacific, pp. 25-46. Wellington: Huia Publishes.
\nKoivunen, Hannele, and Leena Marsio. 2007. Fair Culture? Ethnical Dimension of Cultural Policy and Cultural Rights. Helsinki: Ministry of Education.
\nKukathas, C. 1992. \u201cAre There Any Cultural Rights?\u201d Political Theory, Vol. 20. No. 1 [EBSCOhost Full Display).
\nKymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
\nKymlicka, Will. 1989. Liberalism, Community and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
\nLerner, Natan. 1991. Group Rights and Discrimination. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
\nLevy, Geoffrey Brahm. 2001. \u201cLiberal Nationalism and Cultural Rights.\u201d Political Studies, Vol. 49, pp. 670-91.
\nLevy, Jacobs T. 1997. \u201cClassifying Cultural Rights,\u201d in Ian Shapiro, and Will Kymlicka, eds. Ethnicity and Group Rights, pp. 22-66. New York: New York University Press.
\nMargalit, Avishai, and Moshe Halbertal. 2004. \u201cLiberalism and the Rights to Culture.\u201d Social Research, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 529-48.
\nMarks, Stephen P. 2003. \u201cDefining Cultural Rights,\u201d in Morten Bergsmo, ed. Human Rights and Criminal Justice for the Downtrodden: Essays in Honour of Asbj\u00f8rn Eide, pp. 293-324. Leiden: Marinus Nijhoff Publishers.
\nNi\u00e9c, Halina. 1994. \u201cThe Concept of Culture in the Context of Human Rights,\u201d in Rod Fisher, Brian Groombridge, Julia H\u00e4usemann, and Ritva Mitchell, eds. Human Rights and Cultural Policies in a Changing Europe: The Right to Participate in Cultural Life, pp. 172-89. Helsinki: Arts Council of Finland.
\nNiezen, Ronald. 2003. The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
\nPrott, Lyndel V. 1988. \u201cCultural Rights as Peoples\u2019 Rights in International Law,\u201d in James Crawford, ed. The Rights of Peoples, pp. 93-106. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
\nRobbins, Bruce, and Elsa Stamatopoulou. 2004. \u201cReflections on Culture and Cultural Rights.\u201d South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 103, Nos.2-3, pp. 419-34.
\nStamatopoulou, Elsa, and Joanne Bauer. 2004. \u201cWhy Cultural Rights Now.\u201d [transcripts from Carnegie Council on Ethnics and International Affairs) [http:\/\/www.cceia.org\/ resources\/transcripts\/5006.html) [2007\/10\/16).
\nSymonides, Janusz. 1998. \u201cCultural Rights: A Neglected Category of Human Rights.\u201d International Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 50, No. 158, pp. 559-72.
\nTamire, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
\nThaman, Konai Helu. 2000. \u201cCultural Rights: A Personal Perspective,\u201d in Margaret Wilson, and Paul Hunt, eds. Culture, Rights and Cultural Rights: Perspectives from the South Pacific, pp. 1-11. Wellington: Huia Publishes.
\nThornberry, Patrick. 1995. \u201cThe UN Declaration on the Rights of Person Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities: Background, Analysis, Observations, and an Update,\u201d in Alan Phillips, and Allan Rosas, eds. Universal Minority Rights, pp. 13-76. Turku: \u00c5bo Akademi University Institute for Human Rights.
\nUnited Nations Development Programme [UNDP). 2004. Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today\u2019s Diverse World. New York: United Nations Development Programme
\nUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO). n.d. \u201cGeneral Introduction to the Standard-setting Instruments of UNESCO.\u201d [http:\/\/portal.unesco.org\/en\/ev.php-URL_ID=23772&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html) [2007\/10\/23).
\nWaldron, Jeremy. 1995. \u201cMinority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternatives,\u201d in Will Kymlicka, ed. The Rights of Minority Cultures, pp. 93-119. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
\nWilson, Margaret. 2000. \u201cCultural Rights: Definitions and Contexts,\u201d in Margaret Wilson, and Paul Hunt, eds. Culture, Rights and Cultural Rights: Perspectives from the South Pacific, pp. 13-23. Wellington: Huia Publishes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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That the wide diffusion of culture, and the education of hum<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20116"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20116"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41976,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20116\/revisions\/41976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20116"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cahr.org.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}